Eclipse Finance Day 2014: Modernisation of Software

3. November, 2014

In his talk “Modernisation of Software“, Georg Pietrek of itemis AG shows the key points when you need to modernize software (= make large, disruptive changes). Karsten Thoms then demonstrated those points in a practical example in his talk “Model based migration of Oracle Forms applications”.

  1. Analyze the old code
  2. Create DSLs that describe the pieces of the old code which you want to migrate
  3. Write a small demo what the new app should look like
  4. Develop code generators which take the DSLs to generate the demo

After you have proven that you have covered all important bases this way, you can expand the DSLs (or rather write more code using the DSLs) to migrate the rest of the old code. You can reuse the small demo from step #3 to test any changes to the DSLs and code generators on a small code base.

The big advantage of using models to modernize is that manual migration often runs into a death spiral: Developers start with little knowledge (especially, when the original developers aren’t around anymore). They learn as they migrate code. But as this process advances, it becomes more and more expensive to fix early mistakes. With the model driven approach, you fix the bug in the code generator and thousands of lines of code are corrected at the push of a button. This means you can make abstraction work in your favor.

The advantage over exiting tools to migrate an old code base is that the model based approach is more flexible.

A quote from the talk: “Software doesn’t rot but it’s environment changes.” Eventually, the software no longer meets the needs.

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Declaring Relations Between Model Instances

14. March, 2011

I’ve been playing with Xtext 1.0 the last three weeks. The editor support is most impressive. It’s one of those well balanced technologies that work “right” out of the box, offer lots of places where to hook in to tweak things.

The last few days, I’ve been chewing on a hard problem: Relations. I could to this:

class A {
}

class B {
    A parent 1:*;
}

Read: Instances of B have a field “parent” that references instances of A. There is a list in A with all instances of B where the field “parent” is that exact instance. In simple words, it’s a parent-child relation between A and B. For each B, there is always one A. Each A can have several B’s attached.

Or like this:

class A {
}

class B {
}

relation A children 1:* B parent;

The first solution avoids repetition but when looking at A, you will miss the fact that it has fields. It looks empty but the declaration in B adds a field. I don’t like it. While it might work in this case, how do you map N:M? Where do you declare a many-to-many relation? In A or in B? My guts say: Don’t do it.

The second solution is also flawed if less so. Here, both classes are empty. I have to look up the relations to see what else is going on. And I have to repeat information. I don’t like it.

Time to take a step back and sleep over it.

Fast forward over the weekend.

How about this:

class A {
}
parent of
class B {
}

One word: Intent. A construct in a programming language should clearly communicate intent. Which is one of the weak points in Java: It’s hard to express what you intend with Java. It’s not impossible but it takes years of experience to avoid the luring shortcuts.

So this new syntax clearly states what I want: A’s are parents of B’s. No repetition. No odd “1:*” which every reader has to decode. Which you can get wrong.

But what if A is parent of more classes? Simple:

class A { }
parent of {
    class B { } parent of class X { }
    class C { }
    ...
}

See? It nests. Let’s add tree-like structures to the mix:

tree class A { }
parent of {
    class B { } parent of class X { }
    class C { }
    ...
}

So A gets a parent-child relation with itself. One word says everything: Ownership. Cardinality. Field names.

My gut likes it. Listen to your guts. Especially when a simple solution tries to lure you into a shortcut.

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Eclipse Modeling Day

29. October, 2010
Figure 4-3: Data Modelling Today

Image via Wikipedia

Yesterday was Eclipse Modeling Day here in Zürich. There were a couple of talks from people who were using modeling for projects and talks from project leaders of modeling projects like EMF and CDO.

Eclipse Modeling Platform for Enterprise Modeling

If you’ve used the Eclipse modeling projects, you’ll know the pain: Where to start? Which project is worth to spend time with? Caveats? Things like that. It seems that’s not a superficial problem. Eclipse Modeling is a big, unsolved jigsaw puzzle. The new project “Eclipse Modeling Platform” sets out to close the major gaps in the next two years. On the road map are things like authentication, large scale models, comparing models, etc.

For me, the list of topics looked more like an MBA’s wish-list than something that will make life easier for software developers. Their standpoint was that the funders call the shots. My standpoint is that the we need tools to help us solve the basic issues like good editors for (meta-)models and a useful debugging framework for code generators.

Interesting projects: Sphinx and Papyrus.

User Story: Models as First Class Citizens in the Enterprise

Since many people didn’t seem to be aware that modeling can do, Robert Blust (UBS AG) showed an example. Like most banks, the UBS has tons of legacy code. And tons of rules. Rules like: Any application A must access data of another application B via a well-defined interface. Their product would collect a couple of gigabytes of data from old COBOL code and use that to determine dependencies (like the DB tables it uses).

The next step would be to define which tables belong to which application and the end result is an application which can show and track you rule violations. Or which can show a Java developer which tables he must care for if he has to replace an old COBOL application.

There was the question of authentication: Who can see what of the model? This is going to be some work to solve in a way that it’s still manageable. For example, a part of the model could be accessible via a roles-based model. A software developer should be able to see all the data which is relevant to his project. But what about bug reports? Should a reporter be allowed to see all of them? What about the security related ones?

If we go to fraud tracking, individual instances in the model might be visible to just a very few people. So authentication is something which needs to scale extremely well. It must be as coarse of fine-grained as needed, sometimes the whole range in a single model.

Eclipse Modeling Framework for Data Modeling

Ed Merks introduced EMF. Not much new here for me. I tried to talk to him during the coffee break but he was occupied by Benjamin Ginsberg. Benjamin was interested to get a first rough view on modeling. Apparently, I made some impression on him, because he came back later to see me.

Textual Modeling with Xtext

Sven Efftinge showed some magic using Xtext: He had his meta-model open in two editors, a textual and a graphical one. When he changed something in the graphical view, it would show up in the text editor after save. Nice. I couldn’t ask him how much code it took to implement this.

Under the hood, Xtext uses Guice for dependency injection.

Graphical Modeling with Graphiti

Michael Wenz from SAP showcased Graphiti. It’s a graphical editor framework for models like GMF but I guess there is a reason why SAP invented the wheel again. Several people at the event mentioned GMF unfavorably. I’m not sure why that is but I remember that EMF generated huge, non-reusable blobs of Java code when I asked it to generate an editor for my models. Ed wasn’t exactly excited when I asked to change that.

Graphiti itself looks really promising. The current 0.8 is pretty stable and has a graphical editor for JPA models which allow to define relations between instances via drag-and-drop. No more wondering which side is the “opposite.” It also creates all the fields, gives them the right types, etc. From the back of the room, it looked like a great time-saver.

User Story: The Usage of Models in an Embedded Automotive IDE

A guy from Bosch showed some real-life problems with modeling, especially with performance. They have huge models. Since they didn’t look at CDO, their editors had to load the whole model into RAM. Since Java can only allocate 1.5GB of RAM on a 32-bit hardware, they are at the limit of what they can handle (some projects have 400MB sources).

It’s a good example how an existing technology could have made their lives easier if they only knew about it. Or maybe EMF is too simple a solution (as in “A scientific theory should be as simple as possible, but no simpler.” — AlbertEinstein).

Modeling Repository with CDO

Eike Stepper was glad, though. It gave him a perfect opportunity to present CDO which solves exactly this problem. CDO connects a client to a repository server. Any change to the model in the client is sent to the server, applied and then confirmed for all connected clients. So things like scalability, remote access and multi-client support come for free.

Over the years, CDO has collected a big number of connection modes like replication and an off-line mode. They even solve problems like processing lists with millions of elements. Promising.

One problem Eike mentioned are the default EMF editors. Not reusable, not exactly user-friendly. Since that didn’t change for the last four years, it’s probably something the modeling community doesn’t deem “important.” For some people, XML is apparently good enough.

Project Dawn is trying to improve the situation.

User Story: Successful Use of MDSD in the Energy Industry

RWE (one of the largest European energy companies) showed how they used model driven software development (MDSD) to create software to automatically handle all the use cases of their energy network. He stressed the fact that without strict rules and their application, MDSD will fail just like any other methodology. Do I hear moaning out of the agile corner? 😉

Anyway. My impression was that these guys don’t come up with stup…great new ideas every five minutes and expect that they are already implemented. Delivering electricity isn’t something that you entrust just on anybody. These people are careful to start with. So I see it that there are in fact industries where strict rules work. Anyway, MDSD is another arrow in the quiver. Use it wisely.

User Story: Nord/LB – Modeling of Banking Applications with Xtext and GMF

The last speaker was from Nord/LB, a German bank. He dropped a couple of remarks about GMF. Seems like he hit some of the gaps mentioned earlier.

Their solution included several DSLs which allowed them to describe the model, the UIs, the page flow in the web browser, etc. Having seen Enthought Traits, I’m wondering which approach is better: Keep everything in a separate model (well, Xtext can track cross-references between models just like the Java editor can) or put all the information in a single place.

If you keep everything in a single place (i.e. every part of the model also knows what to tell the UI framework when it wants to generate the editors), that makes the description of the model quite big and confusing. The information you want to see is drowned in a dozen lines. If you keep the information separate, you must store that in your memory when you switch editors.

I guess the solution is to create an editor which can display that part of the information which you need right now.

The Reception

After the talks, I had a long talk with Eike Stepper and Ed Merks. One of my main issues is that models are pretty static. You can’t add properties and methods to it at runtime. At least not to Ecore-based models. Or maybe you could but you shouldn’t. Which seems odd to me. We have plug-in based architectures like Eclipse. We have XML which stands for Extensible Markup Language. Why does modeling have to start in the stone age again without support for model life-cycle, migration, evolution?

When I presented my use case to Eike, he said “never heard that before.” So either the modeling community is going for the long hanging fruit or my use cases are exceptional. All I’m asking is a model which I can attribute with additional information at runtime. Oh, yes, I could use EMF annotations for this. Which EMF default editor supports that? Hm. So if my users want to extend the EClass “Person” with a middle name? Something that HyperCard could do, hands down, in 1987?

 

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